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Things Fall Apart Background

Transcript: - Marriages were discussed in depth as they brought families & entire villages together - Most husbands practiced polygamy - Igbo women lived in separate houses, cooked for themselves, and raised their own children - Unhappy women could leave a marriage - Ministry Focus: Christian education, evangelism and discipleship, and leadership development. - 12% of people on mission settlements were actually there for religious reasons. Many people just wanted material resources or their own satisfaction that they were doing the "right" thing. - Missions were successful when they focused on helping Nigerians agriculturally rather than spiritually. Things Fall Apart- Chinua Achebe Tribal Life: Full name- Albert Chinuanlumogu Achebe Born in Ogidi, Nigeria in 1930 Learned English at the University of Ibadan Released Things Fall Apart in 1958 Became an English Professor In 1990's he was paralyzed in a car wreck from the waist down. Taught at Bard College, Brown University, and David & Marianna Fisher University Died on March 21, 2013 -Lack of centralized political structures -Lived in autonomous villages & towns, ruled by their elders -Organized in patrilineages -Democracy was obtained through a council of elders, age groups, councils of chiefs, women’s associations, and secret societies Nigeria: Agriculture - The south states, such as Ibo, grow Cassava, yams, and plaintains. The cash crops are palm oil, coccoa, and rubber. - Nigeria had problems uniting as a single state - North and the South regions had very different cultures, religions, and histories which created many problems. - Britain managed to rule Nigeria for 46 years before Nigerians gained independence in 1960. - Nigeria experienced much growth due to Britain: roads and railroads built, telegraph and postal system, and many exports of cash crops. - Britain did not benefit the Nigerian people by: heavily taxing the people, and showing a disrespect for their local customs. Marriage Customs: Nigeria: Geography -800 B.C.- Jos Plateau settled by the Nok people an iron age civilization -1472 A.D.- Portugese navigators reach Nigeria -16th-18th centuries- slave trade: millions of Nigerians shipped to the Americas -1850s- British establishes presence around Lagos - 1861-1914 - Britain consolidates its hold over what it calls the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria, governs by "indirect rule" through local leaders. -Today: Nigeria's military fights Islamist militants Boku Haram Missionary Involvement in Africa: - Atlantic coast of central Africa bordered by Niger, Chad, Benin, and Cameroon - Wide range of climate variations and varieties of vegetation - Dry plains in the north -Savannah in the central hills and Plateux -Tropical Rainforests in south lowlands - Mountains to the southeast Igbo Religion: British Colonialism and Nigeria: 1900-1960 - Missionaries were the first Europeans to make their way into Africa. - Chukwu (the supreme being) is everywhere at the same time--therefore there are no shrines or altars for worship - Ekwensu=trickster god who caused problems - The ikenga = a wooden carving that symbolizes a man’s strength & success--a priest invokes a spirit into it & the men consult it for advice - Chi = a person’s personal god…follows you throughout life and can be either malevolent or benevolent…but chi does not control destiny - Savannah is suitable for growing sorghum, millet, maize, groundnuts, cotton Nigeria History:

Things Fall Apart Background

Transcript: Civilizing the "Uncivilized" Religious and Cultural Beliefs British Colonization Live in southern Nigeria There was no single ruler Each village had their own group of male leaders A man's title determined how rich and power he was. The better the title the better the riches and powers. The only power women had was religious based The British considered the natives "uncivilized" and brought in two groups of people to "civilize" them Governors Ruled the land under British law The village chiefs were to answer to them and carry out the British laws Missionaries Due to the belief that their culture and religion were "superior" the British had missionaries come to deal with the cultural aspects of the natives Tried to convert natives to Christianity and completely get rid of their cultures for a more "civilized" approach Done not solely to help the natives but to make life easier for the British Many times they were faced with resistance which sometimes led to violence At the turn of the 20th century, when this story takes place, the British wanted control of Africa for a few reasons Power Natural resources Land Trade routes The more land the British seized, the richer they became Ibo People FONTS Things Fall Apart Background Achebe published the novel in 1958 to give another side to the British colonization of Africa Nearly everything written before this showed the native Africans to be "savages" or "uncivilized" Achebe wanted to prove that this was not true and that the natives were just different from the British The story centers around Okonkwo, one of the village leaders of Umuofia The story is divided into three parts Before the British Start of British influence Result of British influence The story also centers around Okonkwo's desire to appear powerful and never weak Chinua Achebe Polytheistic (many gods) religion The gods controlled everything from rain to drought The Ibo people would have many festivals to celebrate many things One centers around the first yam harvest They also have what they call "The Week of Peace"

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Transcript: 14th Week Consulting interns can be expensive Time and Money Personal Experience Preliminary Design Stage NFPA 101 and NFPA 13 New and Existing Education, Business, and Mercantile Definition of Project This app would be used to provide interns and recent graduates with an outline of guidelines for how to design and review designs of specific occupancies. With the given time frame, I will be writing the information that will go into the app Begin parametric study: Speak with my mentor and Jason to understand more about what critical variables I could concentrate on for this app. Choose those parameters and begin my study Gather information from NFPA 101 and NFPA 13 for new and existing education, business, and mercantile occupancies. By: Breanne Thompson Next Steps (Continued) Finish preparing for Draft of Analysis Pull together and discuss results of project Draw my conclusions and state future work needed Turn in Final Paper! 10th and 11th Week Turn in my parametric study Begin draft of analysis Map out the process of the app for the key elements 15th Week References Next Steps 7th Week Prepare for Final Presentation Summarize my draft of analysis into presentation Work on how to incorporate a live demonstration for my presentation App Development Background Information 8th-9th Week Continuous Process Objective-C for Apple products Java for Android products 6 months of studying Places to Learn: Codecademy, iOS Dev Center, Android Developers Training Hire App Developer will cost thousands Prepare Final Paper Dive into Shark Tank! 1. http://lifehacker.com/5401954/programmer-101-teach-yourself-how-to-code 2. http://www.bluecloudsolutions.com/blog/cost-develop-app/ 6th Week Background Presentation 12th-13th Week

Background Presentation

Transcript: Real action and accountability Amnesty International Non-state actors/ Rebel Groups?? ...and what about men?? ignoring male rape victims? would rape exist without a man? Weapons of War: Rape UN as an Arena - NGO's - Discussion and dialogue Arena Instrument Actor Critical Thinking Weapons of War: Rape UN as an instrument UNSC Resolution 1820 (2008) UN as an Actor - UN Action Against Sexual Violence in Conflict Weapons of War: Rape Problems with 1820 "Roles and Functions of International Organizations" "Sexual violence, when used as a tactic of war in order to deliberately target civilians or as a part of a widespread or systematic attack against civilian populations, can significantly exacerbate situations of armed conflict and may impede the restoration of international peace and security… effective steps to prevent and respond to such acts of sexual violence can significantly contribute to the maintenance of international peace and security" (UNSC Resolution 1820, p. 2)" http://www.stoprapenow.org/uploads/advocacyresources/1282164625.pdf Background Presentation- Kristin Mann Weapons of War: Rape Brief Insight - used to manipulate social control - destabilize communities - weaken ethnic groups and identities Examples: - Sudanese Militia - Rwanda Genocide - DRC Critical Thinking http://www.womenundersiegeproject.org/blog/entry/the-need-for-numbers-on-rape-in-warand-why-theyre-nearly-impossible-to-get Critical Thinking Increased Data Collection by international organizations - determine humanitarian responses - ensures justice and reparation - provides recognition and dignity

Things Fall Apart Background

Transcript: Colonization The Ibo worshiped gods who protect, advise, and chastise them. Not only did the gods advise the Ibo on community matters, but they also guided individuals. Each person had a person god, or chi, that directed his or her actions. A strong chi meant a strong person; people with weak chis were pitied. Things Fall Apart was published in 1958 just prior to Nigerian independence, but it depicts precolonial Africa. Achebe felt it was important to portray Nigerians as they really were. The story takes place in the typical tribal village of Umuofia. Achebe calls the inhabitants Ibo (but they were also known as Igbo). They were a hunting and gathering society who existed on vegetables. Yams were their primary crop. Yams were so important that they celebrated each new year with the Feast of the New Yam. This festival thanked Ani, the earth goddess and source of fertility. Yams also played a part in determining a man's status in the tribe- the more yams a man has, the higher his status. Achebe intended the book for audiences outside of Africa. He wanted to paint a true picture of life in Africa. The Nigerian educational system sought to encourage a national pride through the study of Nigerian heritage. The educational system required Achebe's book in high schools throughout English-speaking countries in Africa. The book was well-received. The Ibo Nigerians were frustrated by the implication that they were subjects of a monarch living 4000 miles away. In 1963, five years after Achebe's novel was published, a new constitution replaced the British monarch with a Nigerian president. English Bureaucrats Nigerian Independence British rule lasted from 1903- 1960. The regions (northern, southern, and western) were brought under the administration of one legislative council. There were three major tribes (Hausa, Yoruba, and Igbo), and eight smaller ones. This diversity complicated unifying Nigeria. In 1960, Nigeria attained status as a sovereign state and member of a British Commonwealth. The Queen of England was still head of state. Things Fall Apart Background Tribal Society Within the village, people were grouped according to families. The eldest man in the family had the most power. On matters affecting the whole village, an assembly of adult men debated courses of action. The assembly was called Egwugwu If any violence occurred against white missionaries or bureaucrats, British soldiers would often slaughter whole villages instead of seeking out and punishing the guilty. The British passed an ordinance legalizing this practice in 1915. One of the more important results of colonization was the division of Africa into at least fifty nation-states. Africans lived according to political boundaries, and with different languages and livelihoods. Gods After centuries of taking slaves out of Africa, Britain outlawed the slave trade and began colonizing the continent. Missionaries sent to convert the locals were the first settlers. They believed they could atone for the horrors of slavery by saving the souls of the Africans. At first, Africans mistrusted the missionaries and took advantage of the free education without converting. Weaker individuals soon converted. Missionaries convinced tribesmen that they worshiped false gods, and their ranks grew. The Village

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Transcript: Death rate 2012: 12.84 deaths/1,000 population (World ranking: 22) Infant (Child Mortality) Total: 79.02 deaths/1,000 live births (world ranking: 10) HIV/AIDS (2) Appropriate Technology Landlocked country Great African Rift Valley system: East – Lake Malawi South – mountains, tropical palm-lined beaches Mainly a large plateau, with some hills Lake Malawi (Lake Nyasa) Almost 1 million people have AIDS 60% of these are female Declining in urban areas, Rising in rural areas Leading cause of death amongst adults Contributes to the low life expectancy: 54.2 years 209th ranking (One of the lowest) 500,000 children have been orphaned due to AIDs Micro-finance Policy Framework and Strategies (Health SWAp) increasing the availability and accessibility of antenatal services; utilization of skilled health personnel during pregnancy, childbirth and postnatal period at all levels of the health system; strengthening the capacity of individuals and institutions to improve maternal and neonatal health; increasing the number of skilled health personnel; constructing and upgrading health facilities to offer essential health services particularly focusing on rural and underserved areas; and provision of ARVs and micronutrients during pregnancy. Geography of Malawi CCST 9004 Appropriate Technology for the Developing World Indicator 3: Literacy Rate of 15 – 24 year-olds According to the World Bank, microfinance is defined as: Microfinance is the provision of financial services to the entrepreneurial poor.This definition has two important features:it emphasizes a range of financial services—not just credit— and it emphasizes the entrepreneurial poor. Goal 2: Achieve Universal Primary Education Appropriate Technology: SIRDAMAIZE 113 Population: 16,777,547 (estimated in July 2013) Population growth rate: 2.758% (2012 est.) (World ranking: 18) Age structure Children: 50% of total population HIV/AIDS Human Resources Education Poverty Food Insecurity Erratic Rainfall Patterns/Droughts Corruption Lack of Foreign Investment Languages Indicator 5: Proportion of seats held by women in National Parliaments Central Region: 1-9 (Yellow) *Capital: Lilongwe Northern Region: 10-15 (Red) Southern Region: 16-27 (Green) Lake Malawi (Blue) Land surface area 45,747 square miles Challenges: · shortage of qualified primary school teachers; · inadequate physical infrastructure; · poor retention of girls mainly from standard five to eight; · high disease burden due to HIV and AIDS consequently leadinto absenteeism, especially among girls who take care of the sick · Poverty levels are high in rural areas. Malawi – Climate/Agriculture Trading partners: South Africa, Zambia, China, US Challenges: · shortage of qualified primary school teachers; · inadequate physical infrastructure; · poor retention of girls mainly from standard five to eight; · high disease burden due to HIV and AIDS consequently leading to absenteeism especially among girls who take care of the sick; and · poor participation of school committees and their communities in school management. · Poverty levels are high in rural areas. 1 Doctor per 50,000 people Hinders the ability to deliver medical services to people in need Reason: Emigration Lack of access to education Aggravated by AIDS > 4 nurses are lost each month This also affects other sectors: Government Business Farmers Human Resources HIV/AIDS - Contemporary GDP: US $14.58 billion (2012 est.) (World ranking: 142) Labor force: agriculture: 90%; industry and services: 10% (2003 est.) Countries main income Agriculture Main crops: maize, tobacco, tea, sugar cane, groundnuts, cotton, wheat, coffee, and rice Industry: tobacco, tea, sugar, sawmill products, cement, consumer goods Challenges: limited capacity in terms of human and material resources to facilitate adult literacy and continuing education; early marriages perpetuated by socioeconomic factors; socio–cultural factors that make people believe that men should be leaders while women are followers; and, poor learning environment which affects girls in primary and secondary schools e.g. sanitary facilities, long distances to education facilities, extra burden from domestic chores especially for adolescent girls resulting into high dropout rate. 1964: Independent from Britain Indicator 1: Maternal Mortality Ratio Malawi Demographics Problems - Outline Indicator 4: Share of Women in Wage Employment in the Non- Agriculture Sector measure of employment opportunities ( i.e equal proportions of men and women in formal employment) Yet, more women participate in the agriculture sector than in the formal wage employment especially in jobs that require professional qualifications. Due to: literacy levels, gender disparity and cultural values. Facts About the Product: Drought tolerant maize variant Able to mature under limited rainfall Suitable for marginal rainfall areas 136 days to mature Normally: 150 – 180 days Able to mature under limited rainfall Suitable for marginal rainfall areas

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