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Ethics Presentation

Transcript: CAUSES DISASTER Foam separation Strikes and damaged the tiles The Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster If the law has not caught up with the latest scientific finding , it might to be illegal to release these substance into the environment, even though there is no ethical problem in doing so . As an engineer , you are always minimally safe if you follow the requirements of the applicable laws . But in engineering ethics . We seek to go beyond the dictates of the law . Our interest is in areas where ethical principles conflict and there is no legal guidance for how to resolve the conflict THE ROLE OF LAW IN ENGINEERING ETHICS (CONTINUE) The seal failure led to a catastrophic chain of events. Hot gases escaped through the right Solid Rocket Booster aft field joint, followed by a flame, damaging the clamp securing the SRB, and burning through the external fuel tank causing the tank to disintegrate. The forces created caused the orbiter to disintegrate (it did not explode) before the debris crashed into the ocean. THE LAUNCH Defective micro switch in the hatch-locking mechanism delayed the launch, when this problem resolved the front was now moving through the area. Basically we are talking about “moral autonomy” which is the ability to think critically and independently about moral issues, and to apply this kind of thinking in the professional life. Attempt to determine the damage? THE NASA SPACE SHUTTLE DISASTERS Most engineering classes approaches to the problem s and the unlimited solution will be very similar to those in engineering practice . So while the ethical principles that we will discuss come to us filtered through a religious tradition , these principles are now cultural norms in the west,and as such: The are widely accepted regardless of their origin. We won’t need to refer explicitly to religion in order to discuss ethics in the engineering profession THE SPACE SHUTTLE COLUMBIA FAILURE A Question????? Personal Ethics: Deals with how we treat others in our life. Professional (Business) Ethics: Involve choices on an organizational level rather than a personal level. But there isn’t always a clear boundary between the two. The explosion of the space shuttle challenger is perhaps the most widely written about case in engineering ethics. Repair the damage Contrary to the weather predictions, the launch night temperature was 8° F , colder than the shuttle had ever experienced before. But , due to the extremely cold temperature, the O-ring didn’t seat properly. The heat -resistant putty was also so cold that it didn’t protect the O-rings, and hot gases burned past both O-rings . It was later determined that this blow – by occurred over 70 ° of arc around the O-rings. Columbia: THE ORIGINS OF ETHICAL (CONTINUE)THOUGHT Break up Launch another shuttle Launch SHUTTLE MODIFICATIONS Loosing control COMPARISONS BETWEEN CHALLENGER AND COLUMBIA _ Pinto ford Attempt to determine the damage? Sensors indicated rise in temperature Reasons of urgency of NASA to launch the shuttle: “TAKE OFF YOUR ENGINEERING HAT AND PUT ON YOUR MANAGEMENT HAT” NO Introduction BACKGROUND (CONTINUE) Many engineering students find the type of problems and the properties these problems: -more open ended - and are not as susceptible to formulaic answer as are problems typically assigned in other engineering classes WHY STUDY ENGINEERING ETHICS? THE ORIGINS OF ETHICAL THOUGHT During the early morning hours of February 1,2003,many people across United State awoke to sound of Space shuttle Columbia breaking up during reentry to the earth atmosphere call seven astronauts aboard the Columbia were killed .This was the 28th mission flown by the Columbia ,a 16-day mission involving many task .The first indication of trouble during reentry came when temperature sensors indicate a rise in temperature, hydraulic lines began to fail so it was impossible for the pilot to maintain the proper positioning of shuttle went out of control and broken up. SOLVING ETHICAL PROBLEMS: THE SPACE SHUTTLE COLUMBIA FAILURE Schedule Pressure super cede good engineering judgment. The first launch date had to be abandoned due to cold front expected , but front stalled , and the launch could have taken place on schedule but the launch had been postponed in deference to Vice President George Bush , who was to attend. NASA did not want to antagonize Bush, strong supporter. COMPARISON BETWEEN ENGINEERING ETHICS AND ENGINEERING DESIGN: ENGINEERING IS MANAGING THE :UNKNOWN (CONTINUE) NASA Larry Mulley :solid rocket booster project manager at marshall Morton Thiokol (Roger Boisjoly Arnie Johnson ) : engineers who work on solid rocket booster development program . Joe Kiliminster: engineering manager on solid rocket booster development program Alan McDonald : director of the solid rocket booster project President for engineering Bob lund : vice Jerard Mason: general manager O-RING FAILURE Different: Before proceeding ,its important to knowledge in general way the origins of the

Background presentation

Transcript: Go on Exchange present your country abroad Work with different mentalities Diversity Explore different cultures Be a Member Develop your skills Have an impact Enrich your knowledge AIESEC Be a Leader Lead your team Achieve your vision Coach others Be a mentor EXPERIENCE YOUR AIESEC JOURNEY Gives you a great experience

Ethics vs. cultural background

Transcript: Exploring the question Knowledge question Knowledge claims Ethics - moral principles that govern a person's behaviour or the conducting of an activity. In our case - the branch of knowledge that deals with moral principles. To what extent is ethics affected by cultural background? TOK Presentation - Lana Butorović Real life situation Our interpretations of what is justifiable and ''right'' are shaped by our own culture. Should our actions be considered unethical by someone from a different culture even though we have a valid basis for them? They affect our priorities. Quick facts To the Hindu, the cow represents all other creatures. Hindus believe that all living creatures are sacred—mammals, fishes, birds. The cow is more, a symbol of the Earth. It always gives and feeds, representing life and the support of life. Cultural background - the ethnic, religious, racial, gender, linguistic or other socioeconomic factors and values that shape an individual's upbringing. http://edition.cnn.com/2016/06/19/opinions/china-yulin-dog-meat-festival-outrage/ Definitions But... ''To millions around the world, including some people in China, these dogs are friends and companions -- never to be abused or eaten.'' 1. Existed since 2010 2. Around 10 000 dogs are slaughtered each year 3. The Chinese believe eating dogs brings good luck and health 4. There's no animal law protection in China 5. It went viral in 2014 and saved around 9,000 dogs Ethics vs. cultural background Opposing argument to RLS 1

Background Presentation

Transcript: 14th Week Consulting interns can be expensive Time and Money Personal Experience Preliminary Design Stage NFPA 101 and NFPA 13 New and Existing Education, Business, and Mercantile Definition of Project This app would be used to provide interns and recent graduates with an outline of guidelines for how to design and review designs of specific occupancies. With the given time frame, I will be writing the information that will go into the app Begin parametric study: Speak with my mentor and Jason to understand more about what critical variables I could concentrate on for this app. Choose those parameters and begin my study Gather information from NFPA 101 and NFPA 13 for new and existing education, business, and mercantile occupancies. By: Breanne Thompson Next Steps (Continued) Finish preparing for Draft of Analysis Pull together and discuss results of project Draw my conclusions and state future work needed Turn in Final Paper! 10th and 11th Week Turn in my parametric study Begin draft of analysis Map out the process of the app for the key elements 15th Week References Next Steps 7th Week Prepare for Final Presentation Summarize my draft of analysis into presentation Work on how to incorporate a live demonstration for my presentation App Development Background Information 8th-9th Week Continuous Process Objective-C for Apple products Java for Android products 6 months of studying Places to Learn: Codecademy, iOS Dev Center, Android Developers Training Hire App Developer will cost thousands Prepare Final Paper Dive into Shark Tank! 1. http://lifehacker.com/5401954/programmer-101-teach-yourself-how-to-code 2. http://www.bluecloudsolutions.com/blog/cost-develop-app/ 6th Week Background Presentation 12th-13th Week

Ethics Presentation

Transcript: A family with a child requiring a bone marrow transplant wish to guarantee that their next child would be a compatible donor using IVF. What are the ethical considerations? Andrew Harbourne Andrew King Amy Charleston Caroline Whyte Aneesa Taimor Any questions? 2008 Ethical theory Anna: “They don't really pay attention to me, except when they need my blood or something. I wouldn't even be alive, if it wasn't for Kate being sick.” My Sister’s Keeper http://www.hfea.gov.uk/PressOffice/Archive/12343225 Total PGD/PGS patients Prima facie principles Kant says -'never use people as a means but always treat them as an end’. BUT…saviour siblings are not merely/ solely being used as a means for curing a condition, the saviour sibling is a child in its own right and will/should be treated as such by the family Key issues Human Fertilisation and Embryology (HFE) act amended 2001 YES, the saviour sibling once born has human rights like any other individual According to the Human Rights Act 1998 Article 9 states that everyone has a right to Freedom of thought, conscience and religion. The latest data collection for PGD figures took place in 2009 Only data from 1999-2004 was available The licence issued by HFEA for PGD tissue typing in 2001 was deemed unlawful when Comment on Reproductive Ethics (CORE) won a High Court Judgement on the grounds that PGD must only be used in the interests of the child to be conceived. Do these scenarios have good intentions? If children are created for the purpose of tissue donation, are they being used as a commodity? Immanuel Kant “Human beings should be treated as an end, not solely as a means” If we consider this to be a ‘slippery slope’, what could it lead to? (i.e. The Island – creation of harvestable beings – clones for the purpose of organ donation) In respect to the recipient Beneficience – “do good” Beauchamp and Childress state this upholds a number of specific rules: Protect and defend the rights of others Prevent harm from occurring to others Remove conditions that will cause harm to others Help people with disabilities Rescue persons in danger Beneficience encourages affirmative action 1989 Regulation of PTT Genetic testing Condition not licensed before – application to Licence Comittee of the HFEA If condition licensed previously – executive licensing committe – faster decision Tissue donation once child born – regulated by Human Tissue Act The law re PTT “Traditionally, parents made decisions for a child, because presumably they are looking out for his/her best interests. But if they are blinded, instead, by the interest of another one of their children, the system breaks down” My sister's keeper. 2008 – parliament agreed that PTT was an acceptable form of embryo testing but should be overseen by the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA)through a system of licensing. HFEA is the regulatory body of the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act Remit of HFEA ends once an embryo is transferred and there is a positive pregnancy test 3 12 4 28 62 47 Physical Court of Appeal allows tissue typing for human embryos under strict conditions 1991 Non-maleficience – “do no harm” Beauchamp and Childress also state that this upholds several rules, including: Do not kill Do not cause pain or suffering Do not incapacitate Do not cause offense Do not deprive others of the goods of life Non-maleficience prohibits ‘wrong’ action Total PGD/PGS cycles PREIMPLANTATION GENETIC DIAGNOSIS in CONJUNCTION WITH HLA-TYPING To improve the life/ cure a disease of the terminally ill child To prevent the terminally ill child's siblings suffering further To alleviate the emotional trauma of the family unit having to deal with the death of a child Conflict between saviour sibling and family regarding participation in treatment- to what extent can they make decisions regarding what happens to their own body? Psychological, social and physical impact on the child Meaning “good/well born”, describes the ‘self-direction’ of human evolution by controlling patterns of breeding and reproduction Ethical problems arise from defining good traits (i.e. Sickle cell genes may cause disease when two copies are present, but confer resistance to malaria when only one is present – is Issues also arise from who controls the process and how it is conducted (e.g. the Nazi party aiming to produce an Aryan population) Further difficulties include discrimination of undesirable traits (i.e. in Gattaca, ‘in-valids’ are born without genetic selection, and are limited in terms of job prospects, social status etc.’ However, this process already exists in society to some extent (an example being Down’s screening) If parents are required to pay for preimplantation genetic diagnosis with tissue typing, is it fair that an affluent family is able to cure their child, whilst a less affluent family is not? Establishment of the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA) Intention So far 10 conditions have been licenced for

Background Presentation

Transcript: Real action and accountability Amnesty International Non-state actors/ Rebel Groups?? ...and what about men?? ignoring male rape victims? would rape exist without a man? Weapons of War: Rape UN as an Arena - NGO's - Discussion and dialogue Arena Instrument Actor Critical Thinking Weapons of War: Rape UN as an instrument UNSC Resolution 1820 (2008) UN as an Actor - UN Action Against Sexual Violence in Conflict Weapons of War: Rape Problems with 1820 "Roles and Functions of International Organizations" "Sexual violence, when used as a tactic of war in order to deliberately target civilians or as a part of a widespread or systematic attack against civilian populations, can significantly exacerbate situations of armed conflict and may impede the restoration of international peace and security… effective steps to prevent and respond to such acts of sexual violence can significantly contribute to the maintenance of international peace and security" (UNSC Resolution 1820, p. 2)" http://www.stoprapenow.org/uploads/advocacyresources/1282164625.pdf Background Presentation- Kristin Mann Weapons of War: Rape Brief Insight - used to manipulate social control - destabilize communities - weaken ethnic groups and identities Examples: - Sudanese Militia - Rwanda Genocide - DRC Critical Thinking http://www.womenundersiegeproject.org/blog/entry/the-need-for-numbers-on-rape-in-warand-why-theyre-nearly-impossible-to-get Critical Thinking Increased Data Collection by international organizations - determine humanitarian responses - ensures justice and reparation - provides recognition and dignity

Ethics Presentation

Transcript: An ethical examination Key objectives: Improve high school graduation rates Improve college readiness Raise college completion rates Target Audience: Middle and high school students Educators Politicians with interest in educational reform Main communication platform? Social Media! Children and Social Networking Communication Strategy! The message becomes more malleable Students can generate content Interaction with classmates, communities and even strangers becomes possible Feel more connected with the movement, as it seeps into all relevant media channels Ethical Issues Key Stakeholders: Students Viacom Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Other Sponsors Parents Schools Policy makers Ethical Issue 1: Autonomy Ethical Issue 2: Transparency Get Schooled leaders do not directly state messages are embedded through programming, yet they do admit to this when asked. Also, lines of communication are never closed, thanks to social media. Ethical Issue 3: Privacy According to Satchell & Foth, young people "want creativity and control over their virtual presence and the information they reveal about themselves." Gilligan's Ethics of Care Kant's Deontological (Duty-based) ethics Questions? Key Findings Through Literature Review My Conclusions :) = +

Background Presentation

Transcript: Death rate 2012: 12.84 deaths/1,000 population (World ranking: 22) Infant (Child Mortality) Total: 79.02 deaths/1,000 live births (world ranking: 10) HIV/AIDS (2) Appropriate Technology Landlocked country Great African Rift Valley system: East – Lake Malawi South – mountains, tropical palm-lined beaches Mainly a large plateau, with some hills Lake Malawi (Lake Nyasa) Almost 1 million people have AIDS 60% of these are female Declining in urban areas, Rising in rural areas Leading cause of death amongst adults Contributes to the low life expectancy: 54.2 years 209th ranking (One of the lowest) 500,000 children have been orphaned due to AIDs Micro-finance Policy Framework and Strategies (Health SWAp) increasing the availability and accessibility of antenatal services; utilization of skilled health personnel during pregnancy, childbirth and postnatal period at all levels of the health system; strengthening the capacity of individuals and institutions to improve maternal and neonatal health; increasing the number of skilled health personnel; constructing and upgrading health facilities to offer essential health services particularly focusing on rural and underserved areas; and provision of ARVs and micronutrients during pregnancy. Geography of Malawi CCST 9004 Appropriate Technology for the Developing World Indicator 3: Literacy Rate of 15 – 24 year-olds According to the World Bank, microfinance is defined as: Microfinance is the provision of financial services to the entrepreneurial poor.This definition has two important features:it emphasizes a range of financial services—not just credit— and it emphasizes the entrepreneurial poor. Goal 2: Achieve Universal Primary Education Appropriate Technology: SIRDAMAIZE 113 Population: 16,777,547 (estimated in July 2013) Population growth rate: 2.758% (2012 est.) (World ranking: 18) Age structure Children: 50% of total population HIV/AIDS Human Resources Education Poverty Food Insecurity Erratic Rainfall Patterns/Droughts Corruption Lack of Foreign Investment Languages Indicator 5: Proportion of seats held by women in National Parliaments Central Region: 1-9 (Yellow) *Capital: Lilongwe Northern Region: 10-15 (Red) Southern Region: 16-27 (Green) Lake Malawi (Blue) Land surface area 45,747 square miles Challenges: · shortage of qualified primary school teachers; · inadequate physical infrastructure; · poor retention of girls mainly from standard five to eight; · high disease burden due to HIV and AIDS consequently leadinto absenteeism, especially among girls who take care of the sick · Poverty levels are high in rural areas. Malawi – Climate/Agriculture Trading partners: South Africa, Zambia, China, US Challenges: · shortage of qualified primary school teachers; · inadequate physical infrastructure; · poor retention of girls mainly from standard five to eight; · high disease burden due to HIV and AIDS consequently leading to absenteeism especially among girls who take care of the sick; and · poor participation of school committees and their communities in school management. · Poverty levels are high in rural areas. 1 Doctor per 50,000 people Hinders the ability to deliver medical services to people in need Reason: Emigration Lack of access to education Aggravated by AIDS > 4 nurses are lost each month This also affects other sectors: Government Business Farmers Human Resources HIV/AIDS - Contemporary GDP: US $14.58 billion (2012 est.) (World ranking: 142) Labor force: agriculture: 90%; industry and services: 10% (2003 est.) Countries main income Agriculture Main crops: maize, tobacco, tea, sugar cane, groundnuts, cotton, wheat, coffee, and rice Industry: tobacco, tea, sugar, sawmill products, cement, consumer goods Challenges: limited capacity in terms of human and material resources to facilitate adult literacy and continuing education; early marriages perpetuated by socioeconomic factors; socio–cultural factors that make people believe that men should be leaders while women are followers; and, poor learning environment which affects girls in primary and secondary schools e.g. sanitary facilities, long distances to education facilities, extra burden from domestic chores especially for adolescent girls resulting into high dropout rate. 1964: Independent from Britain Indicator 1: Maternal Mortality Ratio Malawi Demographics Problems - Outline Indicator 4: Share of Women in Wage Employment in the Non- Agriculture Sector measure of employment opportunities ( i.e equal proportions of men and women in formal employment) Yet, more women participate in the agriculture sector than in the formal wage employment especially in jobs that require professional qualifications. Due to: literacy levels, gender disparity and cultural values. Facts About the Product: Drought tolerant maize variant Able to mature under limited rainfall Suitable for marginal rainfall areas 136 days to mature Normally: 150 – 180 days Able to mature under limited rainfall Suitable for marginal rainfall areas

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