HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF COMPUTER
Transcript: 1 2 p Y g m b X F Information and Communication Technology ( ICT ) E HISTORICAL BACKGROUND To be familiar with the history, and the developments of computing devices. Objectives: D The Earliest Computing Devices The earliest data processing equipment were all manual - mechanical devices due to the absence of electricity and adequate industrial technology. C ABACUS ( 300 B.C. by the Babylonians ) The abacus was an early aid for mathematical computations. Its only value is that it aids the memory of the human performing the calculation. A very old Abacus ABACUS A more modern abacus. Note how the abacus is really just a representation of the human fingers:A more modern abacus. Note how the abacus is really just a representation of the human fingers: B John Napier Napier’s Bone ( 1550 – 1617 John Napier is best known as the inventor of logarithms. He also invented the so-called "Napier's bones" and made common the use of the decimal point in arithmetic and mathematics NAPIER'S BONES In 1617 an eccentric Scotsman named John Napier invented logarithms, which are a technology that allows multiplication to be performed via addition. The magic ingredient is the logarithm of each operand, which was originally obtained from a printed table.But Napier also invented an alternative to tables,Where logarithm values were carved on ivory sticks. An original set of Napier's Bones [photo courtesy IBM] A more modern set of Napier's Bones William Oughtred ’s Slide Rule William Oughtred and others developed the slide rule in the 17th century based on the emerging work on logarithms by John Napier. Slide Rule A Blaise Pascal Pascaline In 1642 Blaise Pascal, at the age of 19, he invented the Pascaline as an aid for his father who was a tax collector. Pascal built 50 of this gear-driven one-function calculator (it could only add) but couldn't sell many because of their exorbitant cost and because they really weren't that accurate (at that time it was not possible to fabricate gears with the required precision). Pascaline or Pascal Calculator * It can be called “Arithmatique Machine” * The first calculator or adding machine to be produced in any quantity and actually used. * It was designed and built by the French mathematician-philosopher Blaise Pascal between 1642 and 1644. It could only do addition and subtraction, with numbers being entered by manipulating its dials. A A 6 digit model for those who couldn't afford the 8 digit model A Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (July 1, 1646 – November 14, 1716) A German mathematician and philosopher. He occupies a prominent place in the history of mathematics and the history of philosophy. A A Pascaline opened up so you can observe the gears and cylinders which rotated to display the A Stepped Reckoner The Step Reckoner (or Stepped Reckoner) was a digital mechanical calculator invented by German mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz around 1672 and completed in 1694. A Joseph Marie Jacquard (7 July 1752 – 7 August 1834) A French weaver and merchant. He played an important role in the development of the earliest programmable loom (the "Jacquard loom"), which in turn played an important role in the development of other programmable machines, such as computers. A Jacquard's Loom showing the threads and the punched cards The Jacquard Loom * A mechanical loom, invented by Joseph Marie Jacquard, first demonstrated in 1801, that simplifies the process of manufacturing textiles with complex patterns such as brocade, damask and matelasse. The loom was controlled by a "chain of cards", a number of punched cards, laced together into a continuous sequence. A By selecting particular cards for Jacquard's A close-up of a Jacquard card loom you defined the woven pattern TITLE This tapestry was woven by a Jacquard loom TITLE Babbage’s Differential Engine Designed to automate a standard procedure for calculating roots of polynomials Charles Babbage (26 December 1791 – 18 October 1871) By 1822 the English mathematician Charles Babbage was proposing a steam driven calculating machine the size of a room, which he called the Difference Engine. This machine would be able to compute tables of numbers, such as logarithm tables. A The Analytical Engine * It was a proposed mechanical general-purpose computer designed by English mathematician Charles Babbage. A small section of the type of mechanism employed in Babbage's Difference Engine TITLE Babbage’s Analytical Engine * 2 main parts: the “Store” where numbers are held and the “Mill” where they were woven into new results TITLE Ada Lovelace Augusta Ada Byron, Lady Lovelace (10 December 1815 – 27 November 1852) English mathematician and writer chiefly known for her work on Charles Babbage's early mechanical general purpose computer, the Analytical Engine. Her notes on the engine include what is recognised as the first Algorithm intended to be processed by a machine. Because of this, she is often described as the world's first computer programmer. Referred to as the What
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