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Transcript: Want more information on ADHD? http://kidshealth.org/parent/emotions/behavior/adhd.html How Does ADHD Affect Behavior? (Brown) Example (Backer; Gordon) Executive Functions in ADHD Brain ADHD causes problems relating to: perception, learning, memory, and problem solving 1. Identify when and where the token economy exchange is in effect. Example: If the child remains focused and seated for the one hour tutoring session, they will be awarded a gold star sticker (which he/she can personally place on his/her record). Allowing activities in exchange for tokens Normally several tokens must be collected before receiving a reward Pre-Test: Please complete this assessment before continuing: https://docs.google.com/forms/d/1ib-jjRYZPlGBFSrHaMvk-P5hkjwPIUi8cVYRm38wGKs/viewform?usp=send_form 1. Is a coin an effective token? 2. How is a reinforcer different from a token? People with ADHD do not have properly functioning Dopamine System The decreased levels of dopamine directly inhibit the dopamine system that controls reward-motivated behaviors Person is unable to understand or anticipate consequences Causes normal, desired behaviors unable to be reinforced or practiced Inattention 4. After receiving the appropriated amount of tokens, exchange them for the desired reinforcer Exchange System Food (such as candy or ice cream) Games Toys Image shows child collecting a token Learn how to create a personalized Behavior Plan Example Tokens are collected and then later exchanged for a reward ("Cosgrave") Why Behavior Modification? Hyperactivity Behavior Plan When the child is continuously staying seated for the one-hour tutoring sessions, the gold-stars should only be granted when he or she accomplished a truly challenging task, an a way to slowly phase out the use of he token-reinforcement system. 3. Document the achievement of a token Learn and apply the basic concepts of Behavior Modification ADHD often treated with stimulant drugs like Adderall, Vyvanse, and Ritalin Establish Exchange System Token Economy System Documents implementation of Behavior Modification Hyperactivity* (in a child) is described as showing constantly (almost uncontrollable) active and sometimes disruptive behavior Answers: Parents, teachers, and caretakers of children ages 3-10 Applicable children must be diagnosed with ADHD by medical professional or consistently demonstrate symptoms 2.Question the person on what he or she would prefer to work towards Do not increase the frequency in which the token is given Try changing the reward The reinforcer is probably not motivating the child Additional free time Play-dates Computer access Medications control symptoms, but do not relieve them permanently Tommy does not complete his math homework Trouble Shooting Goal is to create long-term, sustained changes (Friedrich) (http://pharmdruginfo.wordpress.com/) Example: Child will remain seated for one-hour, while remaining focused and attentive to the instruction of his/her math tutor. Warning: They are not the mental processes used to perceive, feel, think and act -- Executive Functions cue these processes Something that increases the likelihood of pursuing target behavior in the future Tommy trades fifteen gold stickers (from completed math assignments) for a homework pass STEP 2: If the subject stops performing the target behavior after the use of tokens has been phased out, it may be necessary to consider the implementation of an alternative behavioral modification plan The picture depicts chemical imbalance of Dopamine levels in ADHD brain vs. non-ADHD brain (Cosgrave) Behavior Modification is an alternative form of ADHD treatment Based on B.F. Skinner's theory of Operant Conditioning Apply new behavioral adaptation techniques to real world situations How Does It Work? 1. Observe the ADHD subject in his or her daily routine and recognize activities, objects, foods, etc. that he or she chooses when given free choice What Is It? Identify Target Behavior STEP 1: Tool that aids implementation of Behavior Modification How Does it Work? Something given to child in exchange for completion of desired behavior (Tamanini) Pre-Requisites Tracks progress of chosen Behavior Modification technique STEP 4: Introduction to Behavior Modification and use of a Behavior Plan Module specifically focuses on token economy system Implementation for controlling ADHD symptoms (Friedrich) Monitor Progress Allows people to make changes to plan if it is not working - Impatient - Problems with interrupting - Excessively loud Token Economy System is example of a technique used to increase frequency of a specified behavior Action based form of therapy Appetite suppression Token is not working Behavior Plan Example Description Test Task Scenario: https://docs.google.com/forms/d/1mfOH9kn0yHyduk4lMlNjpkUyYWwX656W2vRu1vRY73k/viewform Recognize benefits of non-medicinal ADHD treatment Children with ADHD act without thinking, are hyperactive*, and have trouble focusing Additional information on